Interactive proofs of proximity (IPPs) are a relaxation of interactive proofs, analogous to property testing, in which soundness is required to hold only for inputs that are far from the property being verified. In such proof systems, the verifier has oracle access to the input, and it engages in two ... more >>>

We show that for a randomly sampled unsatisfiable $O(\log n)$-CNF over $n$ variables the randomized two-party communication cost of finding a clause falsified by the given variable assignment is linear in $n$.

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A zero-knowledge proof demonstrates that a fact (like that a Sudoku puzzle has a solution) is true while, counterintuitively, revealing nothing else (like what the solution actually is). This remarkable guarantee is extremely useful in cryptographic applications, but it comes at a cost. A classical impossibility result by Goldreich and ... more >>>