The seminal work of Benczu}r and Karger demonstrated cut sparsifiers of near-linear size, with several applications throughout theoretical computer science. Subsequent extensions have yielded sparsifiers for hypergraph cuts and more recently linear codes over Abelian groups. A decade ago, Kogan and Krauthgamer asked about the sparsifiability of arbitrary constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs). For this question, a trivial lower bound is the size of a *non-redundant* CSP instance, which admits, for each constraint, an assignment satisfying only that constraint (so that no constraint can be dropped by the sparsifier). For instance, for graph cuts, spanning trees are non-redundant instances.
Our main result is that redundant clauses are sufficient for sparsification: for any CSP predicate $R$, every unweighted instance of CSP$(R)$ has a sparsifier of size at most its non-redundancy (up to polylog and $1/\epsilon$ factors). For weighted instances, we similarly pin down the sparsifiability to the so-called chain length of the predicate. These results precisely determine the extent to which any CSP can be sparsified.
Our result is established in the general setting of non-linear codes, or equivalently set families, yielding a VC-type theorem for multiplicative error approximation. This unifies and extends known sparsification results for graph cuts, linear codes, and broad CSP classes. A key technical ingredient in our work is a novel application of the entropy method from Gilmer's recent breakthrough on the union-closed sets conjecture.
As an immediate consequence of our main theorem, a number of results in the non-redundancy literature immediately extend to CSP sparsification. We also contribute new techniques for understanding the non-redundancy of CSP predicates. By adapting methods from the matching vector codes literature in coding theory, we are able to construct an explicit predicate whose non-redundancy lies between $\Omega(n^{1.5})$ and $\widetilde{O}(n^{1.6})$, the first example with a provably non-integral exponent. The tools we introduce in this paper, including a conditional version of non-redundancy, have spurred several follow-ups on non-redundancy as well as new connections to extremal combinatorics, sparsification, and streaming.
